1984 Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers

The Origins of Rome

Ancient Rome was located on the left bank of the Tiber, about 22.5 km from its mouth, and near the northern border of Lazio, adjacent to Etruria. The village was home in Platinum, with many a hill between about 30 to 45 m high towering nearby river.

This settlement was the place known as Roma Quadrata, the fortified city that was supposed second was built by Romulus. The city grew initially to include the region known as the Septimontium (the seven "hills" were the three elevations of the Palatine, the Esquiline and the three Celian), along with pomoerium (sacred enclosure) around it. The area has added this to turn a sibling existing village in the hills ahead - the Quirinal and Viminal. Within the limits of this city stood together the Forum, or market square, and the Capitol, the central fortress.

The city, at the stage that ended within the Servian walls (ie, the wall whose construction was attributed to Serbian Tulio), consisted of the seven hills of Rome (which should be distinguished from the seven "hills" mentioned above), ie, the Palatine, the Aventine, the Capitoline, the Celian, the Esquiline, the Quirinal and Viminal. This was the city in the republican era, though at the end of this period the houses have already reached out beyond the walls (a law of Julius Caesar ordered a distance of 1.6 km out of doors residents should avoid building houses on the route the road).

The city grew even more during the Imperial era, and ultimately Aurelian (270-275) ordered to encircle it with a wall that included not only a more extensive area in the left margin, but also a part of the margin Janiculum right of the Tiber.

The city center was extremely tight and congested, Julius Caesar has improved her communications with the northern part (Campus Martius) through the creation of Forum Julium, and Augustus gave continuation of these works with the Forum Augustum.

The works were completed with the construction of large Trajanum Forum by order of Emperor Trajan. The streets of Rome, at least until the subsequent reconstruction of the fire occurred at the time of Nero, were narrow and crowded for passersby, to the point of a law passed by Caesar prohibit traffic vehicles in the city during the day. There was the wall of a building located in the northern part of the Via Sacra a map of the city of marble, fragments of which still remain, it is assumed that his execution date at the time of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, and that this plant might be a copy of an older one, the time of Vespasian.

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Where Can I Buy Harry Wrapping Paper

Euclid's Elements

Next to the Bible - probably the book most played and studied the history of the Western world. It was the most influential text of all time, so striking that the successors of Euclid called "elements."

This work is considered one of the biggest bestsellers of all time. Work admired by mathematicians and philosophers of all countries and all times by the geometric purity of style and conciseness luminous form, logical model for all sciences and the accuracy of statements made by the way are the foundations of geometry.

There are few books that have been so edited, translated and annotated as Euclid's Elements. In ancient Greece, this work was commented on by Proclus (410-485) Heron (c. 10 - 75) and Simplicius (490-560) in the Middle Ages was translated into Latin and Arabic, after the discovery of printing, there have been numerous editions of it in all European languages. The first of these issues was to Campano (1220 - 1296), in Latin, published in 1482 edition used by Pedro Nunes (1502-1578), who quoted numerous times in his works.

In Portugal, Angelo Brunelli published in 1768 a Portuguese translation of the first six books, the eleventh and twelfth. For this translation has used the Latin version of Frederick Comandini and did it follow some notes that Roberto Sinson (1687 - 1768) had illustrated this release. This book, was once widely used in Portuguese schools which is why we have new editions of the translation of Brunelli in 1790, 1792, 1824, 1835, 1839, 1852, 1855 and 1862.

Euclid's Elements have an exceptional importance in the history of mathematics. Indeed, it has no geometry as a mere cluster of unconnected data, but rather as a logical system. The definitions, axioms or postulates (concepts and propositions are accepted without proof that the fundamentals specifically geometric and secure the existence of fundamental entities: point, line and plane) and the theorems do not appear grouped at random, but rather exposed in perfect order. Each theorem is clear from the definitions, axioms and theorems earlier, according to a rigorous proof.

Euclid was the first to use this method, called axiomatic. Thus, its elements are the first and most noble example of a logical system, an ideal which mimicked many other sciences and continue to emulate. However, we must not forget that Euclid endeavored axiomatize geometry with the resources it had at the time. It therefore easy to understand that the system chosen has some shortcomings. Unintentionally, some of its financial results admitted, often intuitive, without proof.

The thirteen books

* Books I-IV deal with elementary plane geometry. Using the most basic properties of lines and angles lead to the congruence of triangles, equal areas, the Pythagorean Theorem (Book I, Proposition 47) and its reciprocal (Book I, Proposition 48), the construction of a square area equal to a given rectangle, the golden section, the circle and regular polygons. The Pythagorean theorem and the golden section are introduced as properties of areas.

Like most of the thirteen books, the Book I begins with a list of settings (23 in total) without comment, for example, point, line, circle, triangle, angle, parallelism and perpendicularity of lines such as

"is a point which has no part,"

"a line is a length without breadth"

"is a surface which has only length and width."

Following the definitions, there are the postulates and common notions or axioms, in that order. Postulates are specific geometric propositions. "Participate" means "ask to accept." Thus, Euclid asks the reader to accept the five propositions formulated in geometric postulates:

1. Given two points, there is a line segment that joins them;
2. A line segment may be extended indefinitely to build a line;
3. Given a point any distance and any one can construct a circle at center point and radius equal to the distance given;
4. All right angles are equal;
5. If a straight line cutting two other lines so that the sum of two interior angles on the same side is less than two brackets, so these two lines, if sufficiently prolonged, intersect on the same side on which are these two angles
(This is the famous 5th postulate of Euclid)

Thus, three core concepts - the point , of the line and the circle - and postulates relating to them, are the basis for all of Euclidean geometry.

V * The book presents the theory of proportions of Eudoxus (408 BC - 355 BC) in its purely geometric and

* Book VI applies to the similarity of plane figures. Here we return to the Pythagorean theorem and the golden section (Book VI, proposition 31 and 30) but now as theorems concerning the reasons for greatness. Of particular interest is the theorem (Book VI, proposition 27) that contains the maximum of the first problem that came to us with proof that the square is, of all rectangles of a given perimeter, which has maximum area.

* Books VII-IX are devoted to number theory such as the divisibility of integers, the addition of geometric series, some properties of prime numbers and proof of the irrationality of the number. Here we find both the 'Euclidean algorithm' for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers, such as "Euclid" according to which there is an infinity of primes (Book IX, proposition 20).

X * The book, the longest of all and often considered the most difficult, containing the geometric classification of irrational quadratic and quadratic roots.

* Books XI-XIII are concerned with the solid geometry, leading through the solid angles, the volume of the parallelepiped, prism and pyramid, the ball and what seems to have been considered the climax - the discussion of five regular polyhedra ('Platonic') and proof that these exist only five regular polyhedra.



Final Thoughts

When writing the Elements, Euclid was to collect a text three major findings of their recent past: the theory of proportions of Eudoxus, the theory of irrational Theaetetus (417 BC - 369 BC) and the theory of the five regular solids, which occupied an important place in Plato's cosmology.

in the Elements Euclid compiled all the known geometry of his day. But not content to gather all the knowledge of geometry, and ordered him framed him as a science. That is, from a few axioms developed and demonstrated the theorems and geometric propositions and give further statements when the former does not adapted themselves to the new order that was given to the proposals. Also, thoroughly studied by him the properties of geometric figures, areas and volumes and established the concept of locus.

While some elements have logical weaknesses, by current standards, these shortcomings have been overlooked for over two millennia. The critical movement began perhaps in the late seventeenth century, John Wallis (1616-1703), still a little fuzzy during the next century, the Jesuit Abbe Saccheri (1667-1733) and mathematicians Lambert (1728-1777) and Gauss (1777-1855). It is already well into the nineteenth century that the critical is assumed to Euclid to the extreme, culminating in the proposed or alternative geometries by Bolyai (1802 - 1860), Lobachewski (1792 - 1856) and Riemann (1826 - 1866), either in a full review of the fundamentals of Euclidean geometry by Pasch ( 1843 - 1930) and Hilbert (1862 - 1943), or in the emergence of new concepts about the classification of geometries by Felix Klein (1849-1925).

None of this value removes the monumental work of Euclid. As they say Borsuk (1905 - 1982) and Szmielew (Foundations of Geometry, 1960):

"If the value of a scientific work can be measured by time during which it retains its importance, then Euclid's Elements are the most valid scientific work of all time. "

source:" http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/docentes/opombo/seminario/ "

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1 January Birthday Compatibility

The republican era, the conquest of Italy

In its foreign relations the young republic had to face attacks from all sides, was attacked and for some time dominated by Etruria (an episode with associated names Porsena, Horace Cocles, Clelia and Múcio Cevoli.

An attack of the Latins seem have been repelled in a major battle near the lake Regillus (in 496). The tribes inhabiting the slopes of the Apennines (the Volscians and Aequi) plundered Roman territory. During these wars were the incidents linked to the names of Coriolanus and Cincinnatus.

Having survived these ordeals successfully, Rome from defense to aggression towards the end of the fifth century, and attacked the Etruscan town of shafts (about 19 km far from Rome), with which he had been intermittently at war over a century, probably with the aim of conquering their valuable land. Shafts fell after a long siege, captured by the dictator M. Furio Camillo (Apt 369).

Etruscan
The defense had been completely undermined by the invasions of the Gauls in northern and central Italy. Around 390 a horde of Gauls moved south toward the Lazio and overwhelmingly defeated the Roman army on the banks of Alia, a tributary of the Tiber. The bulk of the population fled from Rome. The elders of noble birth remained seated in their halls, and were massacred by the Gauls, it first showed stunned by his quiet dignity. The Gauls destroyed the city, except the Capitol, bravely defended by a small contingent led by M. Manlius Capitolino.

Finalmente os gauleses foram persuadidos a retornar a seu próprio território mediante o pagamento de uma quantia em ouro. Grande parte dos registros romanos antigos desapareceu na destruição da cidade, embora a extensão da perda tenha sido questionada. Após recuperar-se da incursão dos gauleses Roma entrou num período árduo e longo de expansão.

O Lácio foi afinal dominado, e começou a grande luta com os samnitas, os belicosos montanheses dos Abruzos. No curso da segunda Guerra Samnita os romanos sofreram o célebre desastre das Forças Caudinas (em 321), quando os cônsules, iludidos por uma informação falsa, tentaram march through the narrow gorge Caudies, where they were surrounded and forced to surrender. The subsequent rejection by the Senate of the conditions of capitulation provoked renewed anger among opponents.

The Samnites were eventually defeated in the third Samnite War in the early years of the third century. The fight against them lasted seventy years and was characterized by ferocity. This fight has devastated southern Italy, which never recovered. The Samnites themselves, though subdued, was never reconciled to the Romans, they rebelled in support of Hannibal, revolted in Social War and helped Mario in his march on Rome.

Shortly thereafter, the end of the Samnite War showed up a quarrel between Rome and Taras, the richest and most powerful of the Greek cities of southern Italy. Taras invited Pyrrhus, king of Epeire to help her. Pyrrhus landed in Italy with his forces and his elephants in the year 280 BC, as the champion of Hellenism, drawing upon the experience gained military under the command of Alexander the Great.

Attackers managed two victories over difficult and inconclusive, and realized that the Romans were not strong enough to crush them. Given this Pirro decided to attend a call of the Sicilians to help them against the Carthaginians, and sought to conclude a peace treaty with the Romans. In Rome, however, the prevailing view of the faction in favor of continuing the war, headed by the elderly blind Appius Claudius, and hostilities continued. The dual task of Pirro was too heavy for his strength. He was defeated by M. Curium Dentata in Benevento, gave up his adventures in Italy and Sicily and left the Italian soil (in 275) to implement a new plan with the goal of dominating Greece.

next five years Taras captured Rome and completed the subjugation of southern Italy. Upon successful wars (between 270 and 266) against the Umbrians the picentes and the Salento, the Romans gained the upper hand across the peninsula from the Arno and Rubicon to its southern end. It should briefly describe the political relations of Rome with the peoples it earned during this period of expansion. Around 493 BC Rome concluded a joint defense treaty with the Swiss America (the league of Latin cities defeated by the Romans along the lake Regillus).

the next century, however, after having passed the defense to aggression, Rome imposed a new treaty to Latinos around the year 360, which actually converted them dependent on allies, and took control of military Confederation. Latinos revolted in 340, but 338 they were all subdued.

Some of its cities were incorporated into the Roman state, while others found themselves compelled to establish conventions in Rome, by which they undertook to provide troops when requested, and were subject to certain restrictions on trade and marriage with the Romans. Rome adopted the policy of ensuring the dominance of strategic points through the colonies, is of Roman citizens (colonial Romanae), is of Roman citizens and Latins together (colonial Latinae).

the proportion which extended its conquests Rome has treated the case of each city as it seemed more convenient. The nearby communities, in general, were being incorporated into the Roman state, with variations in the rights granted, so some were given full rights, others were able to civitas sine Suffragio (without voting rights). The most distant communities, known as a partner or allies, were connected to Rome by treaties which defined their rights and obligations. All they had to provide military aid to Rome and were restricted in their political and commercial relations with third parties. With the exception of these limitations let them substantially free Rome, and they could aspire to a possible rise to a higher level in Roman marriage. When

around 270 BC Rome completed the subjection of the whole Italian peninsula south of the Rubicon, its areas consisted of the following territories:

(1) the Ager Romanus or the Roman state itself, including (a) Roman colonies and (b) Municipia, cities subject to the laws and the Roman military service, and to pay tribute to Rome, which evolved gradually toward self-government;

(2) the Nomen Latinum (Latin communities not incorporated into the Roman state) colonies and Latin; fields had treaties of alliance with Rome, but enjoyed special privileges that set them apart from

(3) members, of the allied cities of Italy.

Rome retained until the end of that time its primitive austerity and simplicity, and it was still a predominantly agricultural state. Righteousness and good faith (despite occasional lapses, such as the repudiation of the agreement made in Caudine Forks) prevailed in the Roman relations with other peoples and awe-struck. As examples of ancient Roman virtue can mention the stories of the Roman ambassadors, on his return from Alexandria in the year 273 BC, giving the Roman Treasury received gifts of Ptolemaios Philadelphia; G. Fabricio, Pirro announced that the offer of his physician to poison him, and L. Papírio, which allowed for himself only a wooden cup of rich spoils of Taras. It was the end of this period that Rome first felt the influence of Hellenic culture, though no doubt there had been before that trade with the Greeks and the Romans had adopted the Greek alphabet in very long time ago, the introducer of the drama and the epic Greek in Rome was a Greek slave, Livio Andronicus, imprisoned during the capture of Taras. You can also see the Greek influence in the development of Roman religion.

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Drapes For A Canopy Bed

Christmas Christmas

Like any party religious, Christmas is rich in symbols. So few are those who know their origins and their meanings. Christmas marks the great celebration of universal solidarity. For it is celebrated around the world, even where the population is Christian minority.

We feel that when the day is approaching 25, will involve a certain tenderness to all, and the air is loaded with great expectations. Christmas, in short, cultivates the feelings people often forgotten, such as love of neighbor. Many symbols that frequent windows illuminated the room of our homes creates new sounds, melodies and colors that give our party a great harmony.

Historically, there if unsure about the birth of Jesus. An event as important as the coming of the Son of God deserves to be commemorated in a special occasion, so that all easily incorporated the custom of celebrating it. Then it is entering the 25th, this time of year occurs in the northern hemisphere, called the winter solstice is the moment in the sun, after reaching the farthest point of its orbit, restart your way back making the days become longer.

of ownership and was an amalgamation of the pagan festivals that came Christmas, also as a way to convert non-Christians to adhere to Christianity. The celebration Christmas is full of symbols, which made this a tradition of festivals more ornate.

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Opalescence How Long Last

these days she lives in expectation of another Christmas, with the joyous preparation of celebrations of Advent one who came two thousand years, with a mission to save humanity, I appeal to the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Brazil to associate myself to the power of hope for better days for Brazil and the world.

I would also like express best wishes for happiness for Brazilians of all Masons the loyalties, their families and loved ones in the festivities of the exceptional moment of Christianity.

Christmas Message from Grand Master General of the GOB

The initiatory character of Masonry absorbs within the sublime order, all the mysteries of the great religions, for we understood through symbols that help cultivate and understand the reality of the universe, architectural solution of the Great Being who created us and protects.

The great mystery of Christ's birth, the descent of Divinity between humans and humans to save them and guide them to the heavenly life is not strange Freemasonry, whose main feature is just the first initiation, the promise of a life dedicated to service, brotherly love and solidarity.

The human brotherhood, or love of neighbor is the cornerstone of Freemasonry. It is the beginning, middle and end of the Noble Art. Nothing different from the teachings of Avatar. These teachings are the aggregating force that sustains our Order throughout the centuries, enduring sacrifices and victories with the vicissitudes of their natural presence in the world.

And besides, surpassing gallantry with any internal differences of opinion, all arising from the commitment of the Freemasons to serve increasingly better the human race spread over the surface of the earth.

celebrate Christmas with a joyful heart, in a spirit willing to expand the Masonic virtues of all beings, knowing that all brothers are dedicated to providing the best that have in intelligence, altruism and solidarity human for the purpose of our sublime institution.

take this opportunity to thank the Christmas respectable brothers' efforts, since most modern apprentice to the highest dignitaries of the Order by the strengthening of the Grand Orient of Brazil.

Especially I thank my peers in high government GOB, the high spirit of unity that we can print in fulfilling our mission, reflecting the pure energy to our dear Initiates Masons. At

eminent Grand Masters of the states and the Federal District, my recognition of the seriousness with which they perform their high responsibilities in their respective areas of expertise, not to mention the duty of loyalty to the brothers in general and with the Central Power sustains and gives them strength.

I wish to bring a word of greeting and recognition of the Great Powers with East Brazil maintains treaties of friendship, whether internal or across borders auguring them, happiness this Christmas 2009. And the New Year of 2010 will meet with the ever-present Masonic fraternity, all yearning for perfection in our work together.

Should I even salute of thanks and affection to the Sisterhood Cruzeiro do Sul, wisely led by a group of spouses who have contributed to elevating the name of Freemasonry in our country

hope of happy Christmas for the young dedicated to the work of Youth Action Paramaçônica and attentive to their heads, targeting them to the joy and fervor Masonic always strengthen the enthusiasm they have shown in the daily work, those that are expected of future Masonry. At

professionals dedicated servers GOB, the support material that does not lack at all times to the missions assigned to the Brothers of the Central Government, my sincere thanks and wishes for complete happiness with his family, the mysterious Christmas Eve approaching .

That the Christmas spirit to serve, while walking in the New Year, the mortar with which to connect to harmony, peace and harmony towards the achievement of the sacred principles of Freemasonry and its highest aim to make mankind happy.

Marcos José da Silva
Grand Master General
source maconariadobrasi.org.br

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Choices: Footprints in the Snow

"There is nothing wrong with the world completely, even a broken clock, can be right twice per day. "

you conscious of your choices?

When our attention is at present, we have the chance to transform our lives and our relationships (attitudes, words, thoughts, feelings).

Believe me, the fact that we put the attention on any one of those elements already mentioned is the transformation itself. "The moment I see the thing as it is, I can actually make it. "While this perception is not true, we
feeding our illusions, ideals and expectations about someone, something, etc..


is sometimes "easier" to wonder about things other than actually face the situation. But what causes this behavior rather stay with what I imagine the other to actually face it head on? Rejection. For fear of rejection we were in our little world ended with no air (no inspiration) and not risk. You do not risk feeling pain, but do not attempt to give wings to love. And yes that is capable to free, to give life, to vibrate, do pray, to be able to sweat and love ... .... Ex: When you need to say something to someone and it is uncomfortable (fear of rejection), not to get in touch with that feeling of discomfort can go pushing the situation, that is, every time we come into contact with that person we prepare to talk but not talk. This attitude, if prolonged, will cause internal tension and stress body's own internal system (stiff muscles).

Most likely, if we are not aware of what is being generated within us, this tension will explode one day and this will leave very disorganized speech, in an extremely aggressive. Of course, if the other is not aware of itself, will tend to react to our aggression. This creates a cycle of endless repetitions of that same attitude. Reacting to the other. No creativity, no output for this new relationship.

If, instead, we look at this discomfort that is generated every time we think about communicating that fact to the other, we have internal resources on how to talk with that tone of voice, with that guy, what words I choose to communicate, that is, here is no choice and in turn, flows most creative forces, that allow for a new relationship.

this perspective, automatic behaviors (feelings of repetition, imprisonment) are worked out, they shrink and can then emerge creative behaviors.

Creativity involves risk, ie, leave the known and meet the unknown. This attitude creates fear, insecurity, anger. But what I do with this feeling?

is necessary objectivity about their own feelings. No explanations such as why this is happening to me, but, what am I feeling? (That is to be objective).

And the answer is, simple: I am feeling fear, insecurity, anger. If we fight this feeling, trying to explain or issuing judgments of any kind - this is bad, I can not feel it, I'm not old enough to feel this way, it's ridiculous - we create bodily tensions generated by stress. Who is generating this state within me? Answer: I myself.

Then enter the field of responsibility. We are responsible for what we generate, because there is always a choice in the way, ever. We can choose to create tension (pain) or relaxation (pleasure). And the pleasure comes from the fact that we perceive things as they are. Only this approach can learn to deal with them. And learning is life itself in action.

So let's ... Are you down to the choices become truly aware of your choices?

Become aware of your choices "
original text by Patricia Cuocol

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How To Cure Total Sleeplessness

The leaden gray sky had taken the white like the ceiling of a huge room the size of the horizon, all carpeted with a thick blanket of white snow where as I walked by slow and steady, a figure shrunk from the cold printed the steps he took.

He went to the window of the first of many houses that lined the avenue, where flickering lights decorated the Christmas trees that danced to the wind, they threw small white flakes, saturating them with the strides that shook hits in the storm.

peered through the glass. A smile curled his lips confusing them with the long gray beard that coalesced in the same color. Inside a child was playing near the fireplace, lit by it, which gathered the views of parents as if to caress her.

A Christmas Carol

Heated
soul with that family context, which went ahead through a small window, a faint light was felt that a call came through the window fogged. A small figure and bent by age snuggled up wrapped in a woolen shawl which denounced the years of use, barely covering the lean body that nestled next to the brazier. This supportive, warm the pot of coffee, which was his solace and companionship. The eyes of the man who once smiled, now joined in the sad solitude. His hands plucked the buttons that you fixed the mantle of the body, now removed and placed on the doorknob of the house, where drums before walking away.

continued the way in even silence of those who walk alone, until the sound of a voice interrupted her thought. He went where the voices came, which more closely, denounced a discussion. A couple sitting at the table, kept the empty plates in spite of the abundant table, announcing that it was the soul who lacked the food that the disagreement refused. Beside the window where I watched, a small garden where roses were resisting the latest dewdrops have turned into tiny diamonds that cold fabricated. Quickly picked two of them, leaving them at the door of the couple with two small paper tickets had written off the cuff on the doorstep. Rang the bell and rushed back to the path, while the voices fell silent in surprise touch.

Back to the silence of the hike, continued slowly, looking out a window, is a bit more enlightened than the rest. She looked slinky for the light that shone intensely a small oratory, where a mother kneeling raised his hands, as if seeking the linen cloth that will wipe the invisible tears that ran down her cheeks. Ahead, a father was sitting tilted head leaning on that hand, which he had taken in his, son of a sick and feverish. Outside the expression of that man's face had chimed with those parents who watched as he placed his palms flat on the windows, as projects have been the blessing that sort unknown until and then the unexpected smile of the child now announced discreet.

Around the track that he came became quiet, as was the soft snow that covered everything that he had passed and now moved. A low cry was shown to be discreet, perhaps heard only by those trained ears to hear the experience of those who cry in silence. Appeared at the window he realized that only by listening to the little light that insisted on leaving the windows to see. Two faces lined an empty table where a vase of flowers worth taking, the place where the meal is not occupied, leaving room for two pairs of hands that landed solidly on the towel as white as snow. The garments were plain dumb and patches shouted with pride care they received despite the use, now less intense activity, probably due to lack of work that plagued those who were wearing. Hasty, the man pulled a package of lined pockets where the next meal that kept telling her how the body and now refused. Joined him a few coins he had received as a free mason and beggar and left on the window ledge where he had beaten at the time of leaving.

continued to walk now turning to a figure that chance did you find it, huddled in a doorstep, where the heat is let out sneak under the door of a house also imposing heavy and warm, enhancing the heat pieces of card the cost ensured gently, like being wrapped the most fragile of beings. With careful not to wake the sleeping man almost unconscious on the cold, took out her old clothes and shoes that ruptured quickly and furtively exchanged for his, as if in exchange gain the best of treasures.

returned to the path he had taken before, leaning on a stick made of acacia wood, chasing the steps that were lighter now as the lighting of Christmas was leaning on the brilliance that took the eyes and the smile of the lips were silent and quiet at night open hands calmed the wind and cold. He looked at himself, happy with the open arms of contentment that the scanty clothing that was now taking place instead of the red robes he had used as even on Christmas Eve. There was no sleigh reindeer that were transported. It was the happiness she felt while giving to others. That was what made him feel the real Father Christmas in gestures and signs that only he understood.

Author: Sheikh
reproduced: Respestável Seller under the auspices of the Grand Orient Lusitano - Portuguese Freemasonry - Scottish Rite,

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Piano Tabs For Mountains Biffy Clyro

BIG EAST OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL

GOMS - COMAB

OFFICES GRAND MASTER

CHRISTMAS MESSAGE

The Grand Orient de Mato Grosso do Sul - GOMS, to celebrate the Christmas season Christmas, which begins on the walk the candidate of blindness in the light of Masonry, getting there a new philosophical and cultural renaissance, which could also be called Christmas and practiced during the 365 days a year. (Read the complete text)

CHRISTMAS MESSAGE

The Grand Lodge of Mato Grosso do Sul - GOMS, to celebrate the Christmas season Christmas, which begins on the candidate's journey from blindness to Masonic light, getting there a new philosophical and cultural renaissance, which could also be called Christmas and practiced during the 365 days a year.

During the initiation process and the development Masonic learn to analyze and verify the change we need to act in the triple sense: individual, institutional and social. Ai awaken within us the guardian of procedure, which indicates that we act with our conscience.

The ancient sages have simplified the maxim: "What we do not like, we should not do to others."

The person for doing it, requires not only common knowledge or empirical, but also of scientific knowledge, searching the history, philosophy, sociology and psychology the scientific basis for changing values \u200b\u200band behavior. Freemasonry is a school of knowledge and action.

The real art is built on Masonic interpersonal relationships in society. Freemasonry is gradual progress, if the evolution of science that studies the symbolic Freemasonry seven sciences, as symbolic landmark of tradition, that the Mason can see reality through the personal and social self-analysis, examining the reality.

The inspiration of Mason in Masonic work, has as parameters of truth and justice, of which spring from Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Solidarity today, dropping the sale of Masonic blindness, the vices and prejudices, opening the mind and heart to the greater light of Christ within and the Brotherhood, which will be increased and maintained the excitement and energy of the New Year. These


are the sincere message of Christmas and New Year, so intertwined that the synergies between the helping hands and hearts of all fraternal Masons can bring joy, peace, hope, harmony and prosperity.

I wish all the brothers and their families a happy Christmas and a prosperous New Year.

So be it!

Benjamin Barbosa

Grandmaster

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Obtain My Ontario Immunization Records

Universal Declaration of Human Human

On December 10, 1948, the Assembly Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) adotou, em Paris (França), a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Com 30 artigos, a Assembléia proclamou o documento “ como o ideal comum a ser atingido por todos os povos e todas as nações, com o objetivo de que cada indivíduo e cada órgão da sociedade, tendo sempre em mente esta Declaração, se esforce, através do ensino e da educação, por promover o respeito a esses direitos e liberdades, e, pela adoção de medidas progressivas de caráter nacional e internacional, por assegurar o seu reconhecimento e a sua observância universal e efetiva, tanto entre os povos dos próprios Estados-Membros, and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction . "And in 1950, the UN determined that each year on this date would be celebrated the International Day of Human Rights.

Paulo César Carbonari, National Coordinator of Education of the National Movement for Human Rights (MNDH), points out that next Monday, December 10, to be celebrated the 59th anniversary of the recognition by the states, that Human Rights are fundamental parameters for the establishment of rule of law. "But we have little to celebrate, because human rights are not effective for millions of people in Brazil and abroad, victims exclusion, inequality, poverty and oppression in its many different faces. "

For him, the date is conducive to reflection, because it allows to be put in evidence the contrary: we have walked a lot, but much remains to walk to perform effectively the human rights of every person in life. "Moreover, despite the fact that Brazil is in the position of" last among the first "as the Human Development Report of the UN, the levels of inequality, both income and gender, race / ethnicity, generation, regionalism, and many others, are still striking. "While houver um único brasileiro ou brasileira sem um de seus direitos garantido e efetivamente realizado estaremos longe de ser uma sociedade justa”, critica.

Porém, Carbonari considera que apesar de uma longa lista de transgressões aos direitos humanos que ainda marca o Brasil, há conquistas, sobretudo porque hoje já se fala mais em direitos humanos, em diferentes instâncias. “E as poucas conquistas efetivas de direitos são frutos das lutas populares, da organização do povo.”

Documento
Recentemente, o MNDH apresentou ao Conselho de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas o documento Direitos Humanos no Brasil: elementos chave para a compreensão da situação. The contribution is intended to aid the UN agency in producing the Universal Periodic Report, a new mechanism for monitoring the human rights situation in the world.

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How Cm Looks Like Before Af

indigenous Guarani basics

indigenous Guarani can be characterized by some basic aspects:

a) the language Guarani
b) by being an immigrant (immigration Guests - farmers)
c) work in agriculture
d) by practicing economy reprocess - jopo'i
e) live in a stateless society
f) a living religion the inspired word

Melia said, the first came from the Guarani Guaporé River in northern Brazil and slowly descended the Madeira River (in 5000 BC) came to the Paraná River basin.

In his relationship with the things of earth, we can affirm that the Guarani is a migrant, a kind of settler who never leaves his conquered and inhabited areas. A family or a large group may move to other areas, but never the whole group, never colonized the land is abandoned altogether, some are always "taking."

The Guarani are divided into three groups that have suffered different forms of contact, other than historical adaptations and cultural. Melia Guarani compares the progress with the bed of a river that suddenly encounters an obstacle and is forced to divide its waters. This obstacle is colonization.

Melia says that there were three different paths:

) The Indian who has suffered the impact of colonialism in the face and made part of this story, now as Indian "civilized", or as a slave in encomienda. Guarani is the physically and culturally mixed, the group that suffered most changes. And this ends up indigenous ecomiendado internalize the contempt of the conqueror and when possible try to pass themselves off as non-Indian.

B) The Guarani reduced, indigenous converts to Christianity who lived together with the Jesuits segregated from the rest of the colony, as a state within a state, in order that the colonies did not return to the jungle, but became musicians, carpenters, artisans to major urban centers colony, such as Buenos Aires and Asunción.

C) Caaguá, which remained off the colonization process as much as possible, interned in the jungles sinkers. This group managed to maintain their original culture almost intact.

this latter group, Caaguá is descended Mbya Guarani groups, or Chiripá Ñandeva and Paitvyterã or Kaiowá.

The concept of land for the Guarani indigenous people is closely related to the idea of \u200b\u200bland without evil. This view shows the earth as a place where you live the good life. " Accordingly, attention: to live is not synonymous with producing. The land is not only an area of \u200b\u200beconomic production, but it is a place where people live teko. As in the words of the old Guarani - without tekoha (place to live - earth), there teko (way of being). That is, without the materiality of the earth, there is no possibility to build up as cultural. Without tekoha TEKO there.

One of the most important is the relationship TEKO kinship, extended family originated in the group. The relations of patronage, the neighborhood is extremely important to Guarani, because only this way can the economy of reciprocity. In this economy, the individual overlaps not by accumulation but by generosity, a logic antagonistic to capitalist logic, which favors the accumulation of private assets.

Thus, the predatory behavior, typical of colonial society, one that destroys the game and privatization of natural resources collection, is seen as an irreparable wrong by the Guarani, as a terrible threat to the balance of their world.

Despite all this, the Current Guarani has shown an extraordinary imagination to recreate 'spaces' similar to traditional ecological, they are true tekoha.

Thus, the Guarani have known to look for new lands, the last corner of the 'land without evil' in this geography that became devastated their former territory, and finding, however, some land without an owner, you are sure is yours. From this logic we can understand the recent movement that has been making the Guarani groups especially in the state of Sao Paulo in occupying the last areas of the Atlantic, as if defying the arrogance of the capitalist state, after clearing virtually all native vegetation, is given the right to reserve preservation areas closed to indigenous peoples.

With this in mind, what are the current situations that hinder the existence of the Guarani TEKO?

- presence of sects (divide families, disaggregating the household and thus complicating the family relationship);

- proximity to major urban centers;

- right-wing political parties and charities with gifts that divide families ;

- State interference in indigenous societies (education, health and naming leaders );

- the need for moonlighting and work outside the village which ultimately affect the traditional economics of reciprocity as well as the movement of money and sell goods by non-Indians in the community (vendors and proximity to "bars" and markets);

- enhancement of non-indigenous customs, including food and alcohol, causing serious problems with the reko ete ("way of being true.")

The school is an instrument that introduces other ways of being and thinking along the Guarani community, hence the need in any school experience with the native village, take care to listen to the community and from logic group.

Guarani population in Latin America: Argentina

: 30 000

Paraguay: 80 000

Brazil: 30 000

Reading and indicated consulted:

Nimuendajú, Curt. The legends of creation and destruction of the world as the foundation of the religion of Apapokuva-Guarani. São Paulo: Hucitec - Edusp, 1987.

MELIA, Bartomeu. Indigenous education and literacy. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1979.

El Guaraní: religious experience. Assuncíon: CEPAG, 1991.

"Scripture Oralidad y en Indigenous Societies." In: Seminar international law: the learning of indigenous languages: the case of indigenous languages. Iquique. Chile. 4 -8 novembre 1996. Praise

Guarani language. Asuncion: Centro de Estudios Paraguayos "Antonio Guasch, 1995.

The Guarani conquered and reduced. Asuncion: Anthropological Studies Centre, 1993.

-MELIA, Bartholomew and Grunberg, George and Grunberg, Friedl. The Pai-Tavyterá - ethnography of contemporary Paraguay Guarani. Assumption: Anthropological Studies Center, 1976.

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The Freemason Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is perhaps the most famous Freemason. To get an idea, if you do a Google search using the keyword Mozart, is nothing less than 42 million pages referenced; researching these results with the keyword mason, one obtains, for all Mozart the Freemason number of 213,000 pages referenced, if, instead of Mason, paid on results obtained with the Mozart research, other research, now with the keyword mason, in English, for this mason Mozart set the number of pages referenced rises to 1,030,000!

In summary, is not no secret that Mozart was a Freemason and even the most distracted can easily stumble with that information on the Net. It is thus evident that a gallery of famous Masons can not contain a text about the most famous of famous Masons! So here is a brief portrait of Mason WA Mozart.

Mozart was eleven years old when, struck by smallpox, was treated for a Viennese physician nicknamed Wolff, who was a prominent Freemason. In gratitude for his healing, Mozart composed a melody that offered Dr. Wolff, who called An die Freude (joy). The text was clearly an inspiration to music maçónica e o jovem Mozart não poderia ter composto a melodia sem conhecer o seu sentido.


Um ano mais tarde, Mozart travou conhecimento com o célebre Dr. Messmer, também maçon.


Aos dezasseis anos de idade, Mozart compôs O heiliges Band (Ó Sagrada Escritura), sobre um texto de Lens existente num conjunto de textos maçónicos, reservado apenas aos maçons e a que, naturalmente, era suposto nenhum profano ter acesso...


Um ano mais tarde, um maçon importante, von Gebler, encomendou a Mozart dois coros e cinco entreactos para acompanhar um drama heróico, Thamos, rei do Egipto (prefigurando o que mais tarde virá a ser uma opera entitled The Magic Flute).


That is, between 11 and 17 years of contact with Mozart Masons and their way of thinking and seeing the world was common.


In 1783, Mozart was then 27 years old, the famous Gemmingen, who knew the composer, installs its own Masonic Lodge in Vienna and Mozart invites you to join her, and then execute the office of Master of Harmony. Mozart reflects. In November the following year, submits its application to the Lodge Zur Wohlthätigkeit (Charity). It was then started on December 14, 1784.


The January 7, 1785 (only 24 days after their initiation!), Mozart is in store Zur Wahren Eintracht (True Concord), passed to the degree of Fellow. The January 10, ending the String Quartet in A Major (K 464), in which the Andante movement refers to the ritual of Masonic initiation. The January 13 (six days after the passage of the Companion, 30 days after their initiation!), Mozart is raised to the rank of Master. Four days later, he composed a String Quartet in C Major (K 465), which refers to the degree of Fellow. In March 1785, ending the Concerto in C Major (K 467), which makes clear reference to the Andante third degree, the Master.


The April 6, 1785, participates in the ceremony of your Initiation his father, Leopold Mozart.


Mozart took part in numerous meetings and composed numerous works shop designed to be played in session. Visit Merchants Zu den drei Adlern (Three Eagles) and gekrönten Zur Hoffnung (Hope Crowned).


However, the disease which will eventually be fatal (the Schönlein-Henoch syndrome) progresses. Mozart composed his three major works with Masonic symbolism: The Clemency of Titus, the Magic Flute and the Requiem.


Mozart's death leads to a meeting of funeral obsequies of his brothers. A eulogy was given at the time printed. Today, it remains only one copy. Here's your translation:


The Great Architect of the Universe recently pulled our chain Fraternal one of the links that was the most expensive and valuable. Who does not know him? Who does not love our brother as remarkable Mozart? There are still a few weeks, he was among us, glorifying with his enchanting music the inauguration of the Temple. Who among us would imagine it would be so quickly ripped from our midst? Who knew that three weeks after his death weep? It's sad fate to the tax man, leaving the life leaving his work unfinished, and it is so excellent. Even leaving die reis to posterity their intentions unfinished. The artists are dying after they devoted their lives to improve their art to reach perfection. The admiration of everyone carries on túmulo.No However, if people mourn his admirers not long, too often, to forget them. His friends maybe, but not us, his brothers! The death of Mozart's art to an irreparable loss. Her gifts are recognized from childhood, had made him one of the wonders of this time. Europe knew him and admired him. The princes and we liked him, we could call him "my brother". But it is obvious to honor his genius, não nos devemos esquecer de comemorar a nobreza do seu coração. Foi um membro assíduo da nossa Ordem. O seu amor fraternal, a sua natureza inteira e devotada, a sua caridade, a alegria que mostrava quando beneficiava um de seus irmãos com a sua bondade e o seu talento, tais eram as suas imensas qualidades, que nós louvamos neste dia de luto. Era simultaneamente um marido, um pai, o amigo de seus amigos e o irmão de seus irmãos. Se tivesse tido fortuna, faria todos tão felizes como ele desejaria.


http://www.wa-mozart.net/premiers_contacts.htm
Rui Bandeira

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transformation in Masonry

Corporations, of course, began by admitting people in small and selected number of men known for their cultural skills, for his talent and his aristocratic status, which could give them the projection, submitting, however, by its rules. It was an attempt to halt the decline.

The first known case of acceptance is that of John Boswell, Lord of Aushinleck - or, according to JG Findel, Sir Thomas Rosswell, esquire of Aushinleck - that the June 8, 1600 was received as a Mason accepted - unprofessional - At St. Mary's Chapel Lodge (Lodge of Saint Mary's Chapel) in Edinburgh, Scotland. This Lodge was created in 1228 to build the Chapel of Santa Maria and is designed, as has been seen at meetings of ministers and discussions on the progress of works.

After that, the acceptance process, begun in Scotland, would spread and accelerate, so that by the end of the century, the number of accepted already exceeded, largely, of the operative freemasons. The most famous names of "acceptable" in the first half of the seventeenth century were William Wilson, accepted in 1622, Robert Murray, Lt. General Scottish army, received in 1641, the Lodge at the Chapel of Santa Maria and becoming then Master General of All Stores Army, Colonel Henry Mainwairing received in 1646 a lodge of Warrington, Lancashire, and the alchemist and antiquarian Elias Ashmole, in the same store and received the same day (October 16) that Colonel Henry.

In 1666, the freemasons would recover part of the former prestige, given the large fire on 2 September that year, held in London, destroying about forty thousand houses and eighty-six churches. At that time, the Masons flocked to join the reconstruction effort, under the direction of renowned master architect Christopher Wren, who, in 1688, saw its approved plan to rebuild the city, was appointed architect of the king and the city of London. The main work of Wren was rebuilding the church of S. Paul, in whose churchyard would develop and establish in 1691 a Lodge of fundamental importance for the history of modern Freemasonry, the Lodge St. Paul (in allusion to the church), shop or tavern "The Goose and the Grid," in allusion the place where, as did other Lodges, held its meetings and informal administrative, as discussed below. The reconstruction of London would end only in 1710

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The ROMANTICISM

Romanticism was an artistic movement that occurred in Europe around 1800, which represents the changes in individual plan, highlighting the personality, sensitivity, emotion and inner values. Reached first
literature and philosophy, and then express themselves through the arts. The romantic literature, covering the epic and lyric, drama romance, was a movement of guarding and had great impact in shaping the society of the time, unlike the plastic arts, which have played a role less avant-garde.


Romantic art opposed the rationalism of the era of the French Revolution and its ideals, proposing the elevation of feelings over thought. Interestingly, no one can speak of a typical romantic aesthetics, since none of the artists moved away completely from the scholarship, but a conceptual homogeneity in the subject works.

podução The romantic art reinforced individualism at medidade that was based on emotional values \u200b\u200bIt is very subjective imaginary, taking as model the dramas and romantic medieval heroic legends, from which revalued the concepts of homeland and republic. Special role played a heroic death in war and suicide for love.




PAINTING The painting was the branch of plastic arts more meaningful, it was definitely a vehicle that would consolidate the ideal of a time, using dramitico sentimental themes inspired by literature and history. Search on the content rather than the values \u200b\u200bof art, emotive effects, particularly focusing on historical painting and in less degree the sacred painting.

Again the French Revolution and its aftermath serve as inspiration, now for a drama as can be seen in Delacroix and Goya. We can say that the latter expressed a trend of most political romanticism, except for that time and became valued in the twentieth century.

The colors are freed and strengthened, giving the impression sometimes being more important than the actual contents. The landscape began to play the leading role, not as stage makeup, but in close relationship with the characters of the works and as its means of expression.
Romanticism was marked by love of nature and authentic freedom, the acquisition of a poetic sensibility for the landscape, valued by the profusion of colors, reflecting the state of spirit of the author.

In France and Spain, romanticism has produced a painting of great narrative force and a daring chromaticism, while dramatic and dark. This applies to the tables of the killings of Delacroix, or the Colossus of Goya, who anticipated, in a way, the truncated brushwork of Impressionism.




ARCHITECTURE The architecture of Romanticism was marked by contradictory elements, making this form of expression somewhat less expressive. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as marked by a series of transformations involving industrilaização, valuing and rearranging the urban life. The architecture of the time reflects these changes; new materials were used as iron and then steel.

At the same time, churches and castles outside the city limits, have retained some characteristic of other periods, such as the Gothic and classic. This reappearance of older styles was related to the recovery of national identity.

Urbanization in Europe determined the construction of public buildings and rental buildings for middle and upper middle classes, not aesthetic, concerned only with the greatest farm income, and thus forgotten the ultimate goal of architecture , leaving the lower classes in neighborhoods whose conditions were dire.

Among the most renowned architects of the period of historicism or eclecticism, it should be mentioned Garnier, head of drama at the Paris Opera, Barry and Puguin, who rebuilt the Parliament in London, and Waesemann, Germany, responsible for the Gothic district of Berlin . In Spain there has been a curious revival of Mudejar art in the construction of monasteries and churches, and England came the so-called Gothic Hindu. The latter, in some cases, revealed more distasteful than art.




SCULPTURE The sculpture romantic not exactly shone by their originality, nor by mastery of their artists. Perhaps one can think of that period as a time to be quiet before the battle which would then catch the impressionist and modern avant-garde. From a functional standpoint, the romantic sculpture did not depart from funeral monuments, equestrian statue of decoration and architectural style indefinite midway between classicism and the baroque.

The big news was romantic theme of the sculpture from the representation of animals in exotic lands or hunting scenes struggle, the scenes in the style of Rubens. Not abandoned the heroic motives and solemn tributes in the form of oversized statues kings and military. In contrast, became more rare religious themes. The most prominent sculptors of this period were Rude and Barye, France, Bartolini, Italy, and Kiss, Germany.

sources:
Multimedia Encyclopedia of Universal Art

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