In its foreign relations the young republic had to face attacks from all sides, was attacked and for some time dominated by Etruria (an episode with associated names Porsena, Horace Cocles, Clelia and Múcio Cevoli.
An attack of the Latins seem have been repelled in a major battle near the lake Regillus (in 496). The tribes inhabiting the slopes of the Apennines (the Volscians and Aequi) plundered Roman territory. During these wars were the incidents linked to the names of Coriolanus and Cincinnatus.
Having survived these ordeals successfully, Rome from defense to aggression towards the end of the fifth century, and attacked the Etruscan town of shafts (about 19 km far from Rome), with which he had been intermittently at war over a century, probably with the aim of conquering their valuable land. Shafts fell after a long siege, captured by the dictator M. Furio Camillo (Apt 369).
Etruscan
The defense had been completely undermined by the invasions of the Gauls in northern and central Italy. Around 390 a horde of Gauls moved south toward the Lazio and overwhelmingly defeated the Roman army on the banks of Alia, a tributary of the Tiber. The bulk of the population fled from Rome. The elders of noble birth remained seated in their halls, and were massacred by the Gauls, it first showed stunned by his quiet dignity. The Gauls destroyed the city, except the Capitol, bravely defended by a small contingent led by M. Manlius Capitolino.
Finalmente os gauleses foram persuadidos a retornar a seu próprio território mediante o pagamento de uma quantia em ouro. Grande parte dos registros romanos antigos desapareceu na destruição da cidade, embora a extensão da perda tenha sido questionada. Após recuperar-se da incursão dos gauleses Roma entrou num período árduo e longo de expansão.
O Lácio foi afinal dominado, e começou a grande luta com os samnitas, os belicosos montanheses dos Abruzos. No curso da segunda Guerra Samnita os romanos sofreram o célebre desastre das Forças Caudinas (em 321), quando os cônsules, iludidos por uma informação falsa, tentaram march through the narrow gorge Caudies, where they were surrounded and forced to surrender. The subsequent rejection by the Senate of the conditions of capitulation provoked renewed anger among opponents.
The Samnites were eventually defeated in the third Samnite War in the early years of the third century. The fight against them lasted seventy years and was characterized by ferocity. This fight has devastated southern Italy, which never recovered. The Samnites themselves, though subdued, was never reconciled to the Romans, they rebelled in support of Hannibal, revolted in Social War and helped Mario in his march on Rome.
Shortly thereafter, the end of the Samnite War showed up a quarrel between Rome and Taras, the richest and most powerful of the Greek cities of southern Italy. Taras invited Pyrrhus, king of Epeire to help her. Pyrrhus landed in Italy with his forces and his elephants in the year 280 BC, as the champion of Hellenism, drawing upon the experience gained military under the command of Alexander the Great.
Shortly thereafter, the end of the Samnite War showed up a quarrel between Rome and Taras, the richest and most powerful of the Greek cities of southern Italy. Taras invited Pyrrhus, king of Epeire to help her. Pyrrhus landed in Italy with his forces and his elephants in the year 280 BC, as the champion of Hellenism, drawing upon the experience gained military under the command of Alexander the Great.
Attackers managed two victories over difficult and inconclusive, and realized that the Romans were not strong enough to crush them. Given this Pirro decided to attend a call of the Sicilians to help them against the Carthaginians, and sought to conclude a peace treaty with the Romans. In Rome, however, the prevailing view of the faction in favor of continuing the war, headed by the elderly blind Appius Claudius, and hostilities continued. The dual task of Pirro was too heavy for his strength. He was defeated by M. Curium Dentata in Benevento, gave up his adventures in Italy and Sicily and left the Italian soil (in 275) to implement a new plan with the goal of dominating Greece.
next five years Taras captured Rome and completed the subjugation of southern Italy. Upon successful wars (between 270 and 266) against the Umbrians the picentes and the Salento, the Romans gained the upper hand across the peninsula from the Arno and Rubicon to its southern end. It should briefly describe the political relations of Rome with the peoples it earned during this period of expansion. Around 493 BC Rome concluded a joint defense treaty with the Swiss America (the league of Latin cities defeated by the Romans along the lake Regillus).
next five years Taras captured Rome and completed the subjugation of southern Italy. Upon successful wars (between 270 and 266) against the Umbrians the picentes and the Salento, the Romans gained the upper hand across the peninsula from the Arno and Rubicon to its southern end. It should briefly describe the political relations of Rome with the peoples it earned during this period of expansion. Around 493 BC Rome concluded a joint defense treaty with the Swiss America (the league of Latin cities defeated by the Romans along the lake Regillus).
the next century, however, after having passed the defense to aggression, Rome imposed a new treaty to Latinos around the year 360, which actually converted them dependent on allies, and took control of military Confederation. Latinos revolted in 340, but 338 they were all subdued.
Some of its cities were incorporated into the Roman state, while others found themselves compelled to establish conventions in Rome, by which they undertook to provide troops when requested, and were subject to certain restrictions on trade and marriage with the Romans. Rome adopted the policy of ensuring the dominance of strategic points through the colonies, is of Roman citizens (colonial Romanae), is of Roman citizens and Latins together (colonial Latinae).
Some of its cities were incorporated into the Roman state, while others found themselves compelled to establish conventions in Rome, by which they undertook to provide troops when requested, and were subject to certain restrictions on trade and marriage with the Romans. Rome adopted the policy of ensuring the dominance of strategic points through the colonies, is of Roman citizens (colonial Romanae), is of Roman citizens and Latins together (colonial Latinae).
the proportion which extended its conquests Rome has treated the case of each city as it seemed more convenient. The nearby communities, in general, were being incorporated into the Roman state, with variations in the rights granted, so some were given full rights, others were able to civitas sine Suffragio (without voting rights). The most distant communities, known as a partner or allies, were connected to Rome by treaties which defined their rights and obligations. All they had to provide military aid to Rome and were restricted in their political and commercial relations with third parties. With the exception of these limitations let them substantially free Rome, and they could aspire to a possible rise to a higher level in Roman marriage. When
around 270 BC Rome completed the subjection of the whole Italian peninsula south of the Rubicon, its areas consisted of the following territories:
(1) the Ager Romanus or the Roman state itself, including (a) Roman colonies and (b) Municipia, cities subject to the laws and the Roman military service, and to pay tribute to Rome, which evolved gradually toward self-government;
(2) the Nomen Latinum (Latin communities not incorporated into the Roman state) colonies and Latin; fields had treaties of alliance with Rome, but enjoyed special privileges that set them apart from
(3) members, of the allied cities of Italy.
Rome retained until the end of that time its primitive austerity and simplicity, and it was still a predominantly agricultural state. Righteousness and good faith (despite occasional lapses, such as the repudiation of the agreement made in Caudine Forks) prevailed in the Roman relations with other peoples and awe-struck. As examples of ancient Roman virtue can mention the stories of the Roman ambassadors, on his return from Alexandria in the year 273 BC, giving the Roman Treasury received gifts of Ptolemaios Philadelphia; G. Fabricio, Pirro announced that the offer of his physician to poison him, and L. Papírio, which allowed for himself only a wooden cup of rich spoils of Taras. It was the end of this period that Rome first felt the influence of Hellenic culture, though no doubt there had been before that trade with the Greeks and the Romans had adopted the Greek alphabet in very long time ago, the introducer of the drama and the epic Greek in Rome was a Greek slave, Livio Andronicus, imprisoned during the capture of Taras. You can also see the Greek influence in the development of Roman religion.
around 270 BC Rome completed the subjection of the whole Italian peninsula south of the Rubicon, its areas consisted of the following territories:
(1) the Ager Romanus or the Roman state itself, including (a) Roman colonies and (b) Municipia, cities subject to the laws and the Roman military service, and to pay tribute to Rome, which evolved gradually toward self-government;
(2) the Nomen Latinum (Latin communities not incorporated into the Roman state) colonies and Latin; fields had treaties of alliance with Rome, but enjoyed special privileges that set them apart from
(3) members, of the allied cities of Italy.
Rome retained until the end of that time its primitive austerity and simplicity, and it was still a predominantly agricultural state. Righteousness and good faith (despite occasional lapses, such as the repudiation of the agreement made in Caudine Forks) prevailed in the Roman relations with other peoples and awe-struck. As examples of ancient Roman virtue can mention the stories of the Roman ambassadors, on his return from Alexandria in the year 273 BC, giving the Roman Treasury received gifts of Ptolemaios Philadelphia; G. Fabricio, Pirro announced that the offer of his physician to poison him, and L. Papírio, which allowed for himself only a wooden cup of rich spoils of Taras. It was the end of this period that Rome first felt the influence of Hellenic culture, though no doubt there had been before that trade with the Greeks and the Romans had adopted the Greek alphabet in very long time ago, the introducer of the drama and the epic Greek in Rome was a Greek slave, Livio Andronicus, imprisoned during the capture of Taras. You can also see the Greek influence in the development of Roman religion.
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